Chinese Naval Developments 2024 – Part 2: Subs, support, industry

The Chinese Navy, known as the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN), is undergoing significant advancements in its submarine and auxiliary forces. This article delves into the latest developments for 2024, focusing on the submarine fleet and auxiliary support vessels. The insights are based on recent reports and analyses, highlighting the strategic direction of China’s naval capabilities.

PLAN Submarine Force in 2024

In 2024, the PLAN submarine force is marked by two significant events. First, the emergence of the Type 09IIIB nuclear-powered attack submarine has been reported. This submarine is currently undergoing sea trials, with imagery surfacing around October. Bohai Shipyard, the primary builder of China’s nuclear submarines, is responsible for this new class. As of early 2025, estimates suggest that at least four, and possibly six, new SSNs have been launched from Bohai. These estimates are based on the latest American military reports and observable activities at the shipyard.

Additionally, the China Military Power Report indicates ongoing construction of the Type 09IV ballistic missile submarines. This new class aims to enhance China’s secure second-strike capabilities, especially as the next-generation Type 09VI submarines are expected to join the fleet soon. The PLAN is also expanding submarine berthing facilities at key bases in Qingdao and Hainan to accommodate the growing fleet. This expansion reflects China’s commitment to strengthening its underwater warfare capabilities and ensuring a robust naval presence in strategic waters.

The Mystery Submarine in Wuhan

One of the most intriguing developments in 2024 is the launch of a new submarine type at the Wuchang Shipyard in Wuhan. Historically, Wuchang has been the main builder of conventionally powered submarines for the PLAN and export customers, including Pakistan. The new submarine, referred to as the “Type 041” or “Zhou-class” by media reports, first appeared in satellite imagery in late April 2024. This design is visually distinct from earlier Type 039 hulls, featuring an innovative x-tail rudder arrangement, a first for Chinese submarines.

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In late July, American defense analyst Tom Shugart suggested that the Type 041 may have been involved in an incident that led to a recovery operation at Wuchang. Reports emerged in September claiming that the submarine had sunk at its berth, citing unnamed U.S. officials and undisclosed intelligence. This incident has sparked debates regarding the submarine’s capabilities, particularly claims that it may include some form of nuclear propulsion. Imagery and documentation indicating PLAN’s interest in compact nuclear submarines date back to at least 2017. However, as of early 2025, no further information has surfaced regarding the capabilities of the Type 041 or the alleged incident in Wuhan.

PLAN Auxiliary Fleet Developments

While the submarine fleet garners much attention, the PLAN’s auxiliary fleet is also undergoing significant changes. In 2024, three major developments have been noted. The most critical is the ongoing construction of new submarine salvage ships, specifically the Type 927 submarine support ship (ASR), also known as the Dakai-class. GSI Longxue has produced three hulls of this modern ASR, which is capable of conducting salvage operations using a deep-sea submersible.

It is essential to distinguish the Type 927 from AGOS-type surveillance vessels, which may be referred to by the same designation. The Type 927 is a large, modern support ship designed to enhance the PLAN’s salvage capabilities, particularly for its expanding fleet of nuclear-powered submarines. The Type 927 will ensure long-range salvage operations, supporting the PLAN’s growing underwater capabilities.